Labintatlong Martir ng Cavite

Ang Labintatlong Martir ng Cavite o ang Trece Martires de Cavite ay ang mga Pilipinong rebolusyonaryo sa Cavite na binaril sa bayan ng Cavite noong Setyembre 12, 1896, dahil sa kanilang pagkasangkot sa Katipunan noong panahon ng paghihimagsik ng Pilipinas laban sa Espanya. Isinunod bilang paggunita sa kanilang ala-ala ang lungsod ng Trece Martires sa lalawigan ng Cavite.

Bago mabunyag ang Katipunan, binabalak na ni Emilio Aguinaldo na lusubin ang arsenal ng mga Kastila sa Muog ng San Felipe sa bayan ng Cavite, at nag-atas siya sa ibang Katipunero na maghikayat ng sapat na bilang ng kalalakihan upang makubkob nila ang naturang kuta. Ginanap ang kanilang pagpupulong sa bahay ni Feliciano Cabuco.

Nagkasundo sina Aguinaldo at mga Katipunero na bibigyan nila ng armas ang mga nakakulong sa bilangguan ng lalawigan na siyang pinagtatrabaho sa muog. Ang tungkuling maghikayat ng mga bilanggo ay ibinigay kay Severino Lapidario na siyang bantay ng bilangguan. Si Luis Aguado ang magbibigay ng salapi kay Lapidario upang bumili ng mga armas.

Batay sa kanilang plano, magpapaputok mula sa bodega ni Maximo Inocencio bilang hudyat ng simula ng pag-aaklas. Ang iba pang lider ng pag-aaklas ay sina Victoriano Luciano III, Agapito Conchu, Hugo Perez, Pablo Jose, Marcos Jose, at Juan Castañeda. Nakatakdang magsimula ang himagsikan noong Setyembre 1, 1896.

Noong Agosto 26, nakatanggap ng liham si Aguinaldo mula kay Gat Andres Bonifacio na nagsasabi na nagpasiya ang mga Katipunerong nagpulong sa Balintawak noong Agosto 24 na simulan ang himagsikan sa ika-30 ng Agosto, na ang magiging hudyat ay ang pagpapadilim sa Bagumbayan na ngayon ay Luneta. Sa araw ding iyon, sinugod nila Bonifacio at ng mga Katipunero ang imbakan ng pulbura ng mga Kastila sa San Juan del Monte. Nang araw ding iyon, nagdeklara ng batas militar ang pamunuang Kastila sa buong lalawigan ng Maynila at mga karatig lalawigan ng Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac at Nueva Ecija.

Napag-alaman ni Aguinaldo ang pagdeklara ng batas militar sa isang pagpupulong kasama ang gobernador ng lalawigan na si Fernando Pargas noong umaga ng Agosto 31, 1896. Dagling nagtungo si Aguinaldo sa kamiserya ni Eugenio Cabezas upang sabihan na ipag-alam kay Lapidario na wala na silang panahon at kailangan na nilang mag-aklas. Si Cabeza ang nagsama kay Lapidario sa planong pag-aaklas.

Ngunit hindi sang-ayon si Cabezas na simulan ang pag-aaklas noong Agosto 31, dahil nais pa niya itong talakayin ng husto. Nagpasiya silang ipagpaliban ang pagsugod sa Setyembre 3. Subalit, napag-alaman ng mga Kastila ang naturang plano mula sa isang mananahi na si Victoriana Sayat at agarang napaaresto sina Lapidario, de Ocampo at Aguado. Ang tatlo ay incommunicado sa lantsang Ulloa at sinailalim sa interogasyon. Hinihinalang sila'y pinahirapan ng lubusan.

Habang naghihintay ng paglilitis, nagtangkang magpatiwakal si de Ocampo sa paglalaslas ng kaniyang tiyan gamit ang basag na salamin. Gayumpaman siya'y isinama pa rin sa sinampahan ng kaso sa isang hukumang militar na naglabas ng hatol noong Setyembre 11 na sila'y nagkasala matapos lamang ng apat-na-oras na paglilitis.

Sa ganap na 12:45 ng hapon nang sumunod na araw, ang labintatlong manghihimagsik ay inilibas sa kanilang mga piitan at dinala sa Plaza de Armas sa labas ng Muog ng San Felipe at binaril. Ang kanilang mga bangkay ay inilibing sa iisang hukay sa sementeryong Katoliko sa bayan ng Caridad na ngayon ay bahagi na ng lungsod ng Cavite.

Kalaunan, ang mga katawan nina Maximo Inocencio, Victorino Luciano, Francisco Osorio, Luis Aguado, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana at Antonio San Agustin ay hinukay at inilibing muli sa ibang lugar. Samantalang walang kumuha ng mga katawan nina Agapito Conchu, Maximo Gregorio, Alfonso de Ocampo, Eugenio Cabezas, Feliciano Cabuco at Severino Lapidario ay nanatili sa naturang hukay.

Noong 1906, isang bantayog ang itinayo sa ala-ala ng labintatlo na binansagang Trece Martires o Labintatlong Martir sa distrito ng San Roque sa bayan ng Cavite sa bungad ng lansangan ng San Roque. Inilibing ng kanilang mag-anak sa paanan ng bantayog ang kanilang mga labi.

Source:

National Historical Institute, Filipinos in History 5 vols. (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1995)

#CaviteCityNostalgia #CaviteHeroesAndNobles #ReminiscingTheOldCaviteCity

13 Martyrs of Cavite

The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite were Filipino patriots in Cavite, Philippines who were executed by mustketry on September 11, 1896, for cooperating with the Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The city of Trece Martires in Cavite is named after them.

• Luis Aguado was the son of a captain in the Spanish navy. He would later become supply chief of the Spanish arsenal in Fort San Felipe in the town of Cavite (now Cavite City). He was married to Felisa Osorio, sister of Francisco Osorio and oldest daughter of Antonio Osorio, a Chinese-Filipino businessman reputed to be the richest in Cavite at that time. Aguado's widow would later marry Daniel Tria Tirona. 

• Eugenio Cabezas (born 1855 in Santa Cruz, Manila) was a watchmaker. He was married to Luisa Antonio of Cavite by whom he had seven children. He owned a jewelry and watch repair shop on Calle Real (now called Trece Martires Avenue) in Cavite which was used by the Katipunan as a meeting place.

• Feliciano Cabuco (born June 9, 1865 in Caridad, Cavite Puerto) was born to a wealthy family in Cavite el Viejo (now Cavite City). He worked in a hospital as a clerk. He was married to Marcela Bernal of Caridad by whom he had two sons.

• Agapito Conchu (born 1862) was a native of Binondo, Manila who migrated to Cavite and became a school teacher, musician, photographer, painter and lithographer.

• Alfonso de Ocampo (born 1860 in Cavite) was a Spanish mestizo, who had been sergeant in the Spanish colonial army before his appointment as assistant provincial jail warden. He was both a freemason and Katipunero. He was married to Ana Espíritu by whom he had two children.

• Máximo Gregorio (born November 18, 1856 in Pasay, Morong) was drafted into the Spanish colonial army while he was studying at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. After training in San Antonio, Cavite, he was inducted into the 72nd Regiment of the Spanish Army and dispatched to Jolo, Sulu to fight the Muslims. Upon his return from Mindanao, was appointed chief clerk of the Comisaría de Guerra in Cavite where he worked for 20 years. He became a freemason and joined the Katipunan in 1892. He organized two Katipunan branches, namely, the Balangay No. 1 named Marikit (Bright) in Barrio San Antonio, Cavite and Balangay No. 2 called Lintik (Lightning) in Barrio San Rafael, also of Cavite. Among the people he initiated into the Katipunan were the jail warden Severino Lapidario, Feliciano Cabuco, tailor José Lallana, watchmaker Eugenio Cabezas and tailor Eulogio Raymundo. He was married to Celedonia Santiago with who he had four children.

• Maximo Inocencio (born November 18, 1833 in Cavite) was the oldest of the martyrs. Being a freemason, he was implicated in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and was subsequently exiled to Ceuta in Spanish for 10 years. Upon his return he rebuilt a fortune from building and bridge contracting, shipbuilding, sawmilling, logging and trading. He was married to Narcisa Francisco with whom he had nine children

• José Lallana (born 1836 in Cavite) was a tailor whose shop was used by the Katipunan as a meeting place. Lallana was married to Benita Tapawan of Imus, by whom he had two children, Clara and Ramón. Ramón would later join the Philippine Revolution to avenge his father's death, but he never returned and is believed to have been killed in action.

• Severino Lapidario (born January 8, 1847 in Imus, Cavite) was a corporal in the Spanish Navy Marines who was implicated in the Caviet Mutiny of 1872. He later regained the confidence of the Spanish colonial authorities who named him warden of the Cavite provincial jail in 1890.

• Victoriano Luciano III (born March 23, 1863) was a pharmacist and freemason who was recognized for his formula of rare perfumes and lotions and was a member Colegio de Farmaceuticos de Manila. He studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran  and University of Santo Tomas. He owned a pharmacy, Botica Luciano, on Calle Real (now Trece Martires Avenue) in Cavite which was also a meeting place of the Katipunan.

• Francisco Osorio (born 1860) was the scion of a wealthy and well-connected family in Cavite. Little is known of him except that he was a simple pharmacist and not a freemason or a Katipunero.

• Hugo Pérez (born 1856 in Binondo, Manila) was a physician. There is little biographical information about Perez except that he was a freemason.

• Antonio San Agustín (born March 8, 1860 in San Roque, Cavite) was a scion of a wealthy family. He studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran and University of Santo Tomas. He was married to Juliana Reyes. He owned the only bookstore, La Aurora, in the town which was used as a meetingplace by the Katipunan.

Ladislao Diwa

Founder of the Katipunan

June 27, 1863 − March 12, 1930

Ladiaslao Diwa, one of the triumvirates who founded the Katipunan, was born on June 27,1963. He studied in a Catholic Seminary for fourteen years but forseek priesthood and took up law in the University of Sto. Tomas.

Diwa was one of the first members of Rizal’s La liga Filipina, but when Rizal was deported to Dapitan, Diwa, together with Andres Bonifacio and Teodoro Plata organized the Katipunan to replace the La Liga. Under the KKK’s secrecy, Diwa was known as the “Balete”, an ancient Filipino Tree.

An underground leader who spread the teachings of the Katipunan throughout Luzon, Diwa was captured and imprisoned in Fort Santiago and once, for 72 hours was alone in a “bartolina” without food or water.

As Colonel of the revolution, he was one of those who negotiated the surrender of the Spaniards. Under the first Philippine Republic, “Balate” was elected the first Civil Governor of Cavite.

A true Caviteño, Diwa, who for 30 years had served honestly and efficiently as Clerk of the Court of First Instance in Cavite, a position he held after his surrender to the American forces, died on March 12,1930.


To mark the place of the death of Ladislao Diwa, the Cavite Rotarians erected the above historical marker in Cabuco Street, Caridad, Cavite City.

Don Julian Felipe

Today is the birth of one of the most famous Caviteño who composed the Philippine National Anthem. Here's an old short article about him I found in my Lola's baul.

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DON JULIAN FELIPE
Composer of Philippine National Anthem

The moving spirit of the revolution against Spain, the great Caviteño composer who transformed into music the Filipino patriotism and love for country and freedom, was born on January 28, 1861 in the old Puerto de Cavite. Don Julian Felipe, a revolutionary Captain was regarded as one of the pillars of the Philippine’s independence movement. He was twice arrested and incarcerated in Fort San Felipe together with the 13 martyrs of Cavite.

When the need for a martial composition was felt by the officers and men of the Katipunan, Gen.Emilio Aguinaldo requested the Caviteño musician to compose the march. It was then that Marcha National Filipin came to life. A battle hymn, an anthem that gave life and meaning to the struggle for national solidarity, the Pambansang Awit was first played in Kawit, Kabite on June 12,1898, during the proclamation of the first Philippine Republic.

Historians failed to record Don Julian’s revolutionary activities barely remembering at all that he composed our own National Anthem. The Katipunero composer died on October 20, 1944, leaving behind his last composition, the Gen. MacArthur March, which was only played for the first time during the centennial celebration.



TRIVIA:
Don Julian also composed the hymn "Reina de Cavite" for Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga. The lyrics were taken from the poem Himmo a la Virgén de Cavite by Fr. Tomás de Andrade, the rector of the Jesuit College of Cavite sometime in 1689.

Reina de Cavite per siempre seras:
Es prenda tu nombre de jubilo y paz:
Reina de Cavite por siempre seras;
Es prenda tu nombre de jubilo y paz.

Madre Immaculada, prez del serafin,
Luz de Filipinas, protegenos sin fin:
Luz de Filipinas, protegenos sin fin.